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LS-Magazine Issue 05 Supple 270
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The Supplementary Information section may include the regulatory history of this rulemaking proceeding. It will present the background information and detail necessary to give adequate notice of the issues to be commented on as required by the Administrative Procedure Act. It may also be used to provide additional information that is required by law, agency policy, or Executive order.
Life is better in a union. Having a voice on the job means better pay, better health care, a more secure retirement, and so much more. It means having a say in safety, staffing, and other important issues that help AFSCME members do their jobs and keep America running.
U 331 Public Affairs Reporting 3 cr. Offered autumn. Prereq., JOUR 270. Study and practice of reporting public issues with emphases on news sources, interpretive writing and the coverage of local, state and federal governments.
U 367 Law of Mass Communications 3 cr. Offered spring. Prereq., JOUR 270 or consent of instr. Overview of issues related to journalism and the law. Exploration of libel, privacy, prior restraints, access and other First Amendment questions along with ethical problems peculiar to media news gathering.
UG 429 Documentary Photojournalism 3 cr. Offered spring. Prereq., JOUR 328 or consent of instr. Production of an in-depth documentary project involving a social issue with intent to educate or implement change. Students write, shoot and design final project in book form.
UG 461 New Media 3 cr. Offered spring. Prereq., JOUR 381, or R-TV 351, or R-TV 361, or consent of instr. Exploration of new media, concentrating on the Internet and the World Wide Web from a journalistic perspective. Students learn to edit, produce and design for the Web. Discussion of legal, social and cultural issues regarding the new media.
UG 494 Pollner Seminar 2 cr. Offered autumn. Prereq., consent of instr. or print department chair. Seminar on a topic selected by the T. Anthony Pollner Distinguished Professor. Topics will range from journalism history, ethics, practices and performance to current issues in the news media.
G 505 Journalism and Society Seminar 3 cr. Offered autumn. Prereq., graduate standing. Discussion and research on current journalism issues. Study of traditional and online research methodology.
G 567 Studies in Press and Broadcast Law 3 cr. Offered spring. Prereq., graduate standing. Examination and discussion of state and federal court cases affecting the mass media, with emphasis on First Amendment issues.
G 670 Covering the Environment 3 cr. Offered intermittently. Prereq., JOUR 570 or consent of instr. Practical opportunities to research and report on a variety of public health and natural resource issues, combined with a critical examination of how news media cover these issues.
UG 396 Independent Study in Broadcasting Variable cr. (R 6) Offered every term. Prereq., consent of instr. and broadcast faculty. Independent study in broadcasting issues of interest.
UG 494 Senior Seminar 3 cr. Offered autumn. Prereq., senior standing in broadcast news or broadcast production option or consent of instr. Exploration of the current and historic broadcasting in American society, including current business, editorial, production and ethical issues in the industry. Each student completes a major research paper as part of the course.
Last but certainly not least, an internal engine issue could be causing the problem. This is something no boater wants, and usually requires the help of a professional to fix. Frequent maintenance can help prevent expensive problems such as corroded heat exchangers, failed gaskets, or clogged exhaust elbows from happening.
H. pylori is a fastidious microorganism and requires complex growth media. Often these media are supplemented with blood or serum. These supplements may act as additional sources of nutrients and possibly also protect against the toxic effects of long-chain fatty acids. The latter function may also be performed by more defined medium supplements, such as β-cyclodextrins or IsoVitaleX, or by using activated charcoal (616). Commonly used solid media for routine isolation and culture of H. pylori consist of Columbia or brucella agar supplemented with either (lysed) horse or sheep blood or, alternatively, newborn or fetal calf serum. For primary isolation but also routine culture, selective antibiotic mixtures are available, although these are not required per se. The often used Dent supplement consists of vancomycin, trimethoprim, cefsoludin, and amphotericin B (121), whereas the alternatively used Skirrow supplement consists of vancomycin, trimethoprim, polymyxin B, and amphotericin B (573). Both selective supplements are commercially available. Liquid media usually consist of either brucella, Mueller-Hinton, or brain heart infusion broth supplemented with 2 to 10% calf serum or 0.2 to 1.0% β-cyclodextrins, often together with either Dent or Skirrow supplement. Growth of H. pylori in chemically defined media has been reported (526), but these are not suitable for routine growth and isolation of H. pylori. Most of the commercially available synthetic media, such as tissue culture media, do not support the growth of H. pylori without the addition of serum, perhaps with the exception of Ham's F-12 nutrient mixture (622).
(b) Iron. In tissues of human or animal hosts, the concentration of free iron is too low to support bacterial growth, as most iron is complexed into hemoglobin or chelated by transferrin in serum or by lactoferrin at mucosal surfaces (652). Iron sources available in the gastric mucosa are lactoferrin, heme compounds released from damaged tissues, and iron derived from pepsin-degraded food. It is thought that metals such as iron display increased solubility under the acidic conditions of the gastric mucosa and that eukaryotic iron-complexing proteins display lowered binding affinity under these conditions. The H. pylori genome encodes 11 proteins predicted to be involved in iron transport and 2 proteins thought to function as iron storage proteins (14, 49, 628, 652). In the acidic, microaerobic gastric environment, ferrous iron (Fe2+) is thought to constitute the main form of free iron, and this is transported by H. pylori via the FeoB protein (HP0687) (659). FeoB-mediated iron acquisition is of major importance to H. pylori, as isogenic feoB mutants were unable to colonize the gastric mucosa of mice (659). H. pylori also possesses ferric reductase activity, which converts ferric iron (Fe3+) to Fe2+, which is then subsequently transported by the FeoB system (695). However, the importance of ferric reductase activity in gastric colonization remains to be assessed. Finally, H. pylori also possesses several ferric iron transport systems (652, 657). Due to the insolubility of ferric iron, ferric iron transport requires an outer membrane receptor to transport the iron over the outer membrane, as well as an ABC transporter to transport the iron from the periplasm to the cytoplasm. H. pylori has three copies of the putative ferric citrate outer membrane receptor FecA and three copies of the FrpB outer membrane receptor, for which the substrate is unknown (14, 49, 628, 652). There are two copies of the periplasmic binding protein CeuE and finally a single inner membrane permease (FecD) and an ATP-binding protein (FecE). Currently, only mutants in the fecDE system and in one of the fecA genes have been described (659). Rather surprisingly, this did not affect iron transport. Thus, the contribution of ferric iron uptake in H. pylori remains to be clarified. Two iron storage proteins in H. pylori have been characterized, the Pfr ferritin and HP-NAP bacterioferritin. The 19-kDa Pfr ferritin serves as an intracellular iron deposit and protects H. pylori against iron toxicity and free iron-mediated oxidative stress (47, 48, 125, 205, 670). Iron stored in Pfr can be released and reused to support growth under iron-limited conditions (670). HP-NAP was originally isolated as an immunodominant protein that activates neutrophilic granulocytes in vitro (172). It was subsequently shown to also mediate adhesion of H. pylori to mucin (452). The HP-NAP protein is homologous both to bacterioferritins and to the DNA-binding proteins of the Dps family (137, 631). However, a role of HP-NAP in H. pylori iron storage, although suggested, is yet to be demonstrated (631). 2ff7e9595c
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